Electrocardiography Research Paper
Electrocardiography
is a method of recording and study of the electric fields generated by the heart. Electrocardiography is a relatively inexpensive, but valuable method of electrophysiological diagnostic tool in cardiology.
Electrocardiography is a direct result of electrocardiogram recording – a graphical representation of the potential difference arising from the heart contractions to the body surface. The ECG shows an average of all the vectors of actions that occur at some point in the heart.
In the XIX century, it became clear that the heart produces a certain amount of electricity. First electrocardiograms were recorded by Gabriel Lippmann using a mercury electrometer. The Lippman curves had monophasic character, only remotely resembling modern ECG.
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Willem Einthoven continued the experiments by constructing the instrument (string galvanometer), allowing to register the true ECG. He also created the modern notation of ECG and described some of the heart defects. In 1924, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.
Here follow the examples the ECG use:
- Detection of the frequency and the regularity of heart rate (e.g., extrasystoles (sudden contraction), or the individual contraction loss – arrhythmias).
- Detection of an acute or chronic myocardial injury (myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia).
- Can be used to detect the abnormality in metabolism of potassium, calcium, magnesium, and other electrolytes.
- Identification of intracardiac conduction disturbances (different blocs).
- The method of coronary heart disease screening, including during stress testing.
- Gives the idea of the heart physical condition (left ventricular hypertrophy).
- Can provide information about extracardiac diseases, such as pulmonary embolism.
- Allows to remotely diagnose cardiac events (myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia) using cardiophone.
- Can be used to study the cognitive processes, alone or in combination with other methods.
First electrocardiograms were recorded on film, then there were ink recorders, now, as a rule, electrocardiogram is recorded on thermal paper. Fully electronic devices allow you to store the ECG in the machine memory. Speed ??of recording on thermal paper is usually 50 mm / sec. In some cases, the paper speed is set to 12.5 mm / sec, 25 mm / s or 100 mm / s. At the beginning of each recording, a control millivolt is registered. Generally, the amplitude is 10 or, rarely, 20 mm / mV. Medical devices have certain metrological characteristics that ensure reproducibility and comparability of the measurements of the heart electrical activity.
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